Por: Estefanía Cárdenas
En un mundo donde las opiniones dominan la percepción de la realidad, la búsqueda del Ser se vuelve un retorno a la búsqueda de lo real y verdadero
La filosofía presocrática estuvo caracterizada por la búsqueda del arché (principio fundamental), pero dio un giro significativo con el filósofo griego Parménides en el siglo V a. C., quien introdujo una nueva visión de la realidad que revolucionó el debate filosófico: el monismo ontológico (Mark, 2011). Este planteamiento revolucionario marcó una ruptura radical con los pensadores anteriores que buscaban explicar el mundo a partir de los elementos sensibles. Parménides propuso que la verdad no podía encontrarse a través de los sentidos, sino por medio de la razón. En la actualidad, una época marcada por el fenómeno de la posverdad y la proliferación de información sin verificación, la propuesta de Parménides vuelve a cobrar interés.
Parménides fue el primero en intercambiar el lugar del mundo de los elementos por el mundo del Ser, realizando así un giro radical en la indagación filosófica. Antes de Parménides, el problema fundamental giraba en torno a de qué está hecho el universo, como lo muestran las teorías de Tales de Mileto, Anaximandro y Heráclito (Kahn, 2002). Tales afirmaba que el agua era el principio fundamental; Heráclito, por su parte, postulaba el fuego como símbolo del cambio eterno. Parménides desafió estas nociones al proponer que el cambio es una ilusión y que solo el Ser es real y eterno (Robinson, 2005). En un mundo donde las opiniones dominan la percepción de la realidad, la búsqueda del Ser se vuelve un retorno a la búsqueda de lo real y verdadero.
Según Parménides, confiar en los sentidos tiene la desventaja de que en ocasiones nos lleva al error, ya que lo que cambia, nace o perece no puede ser parte del verdadero conocimiento. En cambio, el concepto de Ser, es inmutable, eterno, indivisible y completo. Una noción que nos permite una aproximación racional y lógica a la realidad (Cartwright, 2013). La lógica del Ser se sustenta en tres principios fundamentales: el principio de identidad, el de no contradicción y el tercero excluido. Estos principios son la base del pensamiento racional occidental, influyendo en figuras como Platón, Aristóteles y la lógica moderna.
En un contexto de posverdad, donde la pseudociencia y la opinión compiten con la evidencia empírica, la filosofía de Parménides, por otra parte, invita a volver a lo esencial: lo que es, es; y lo que no es, no puede ser (Graham, 2013). El concepto de posverdad, entendido como la distorsión deliberada de la realidad con el fin de manipular opiniones públicas, es una tendencia contrapuesta a la búsqueda de la verdad como algo único e ideal. Según la revista Muy Interesante (2020), el fenómeno de la posverdad se ha intensificado con las redes sociales, que dan prioridad a la opinión por sobre los hechos. En este contexto, la enseñanza de Parménides es una excelente manera de desarrollar criterios frente a la apariencia.
Martin Heidegger, en el siglo XX, reformuló la pregunta originaria de Parménides: ¿qué significa ser? Pero Heidegger lo contempló desde la existencia porque propuso que el Ser no es una cosa, sino un misterio que se revela a través del asombro y la pregunta. En tiempos donde la verdad es devaluada y se negocia según diversos intereses, Heidegger sostiene que el Ser se presenta como apertura, como lo no manipulado (Heidegger, 2006). Así, la filosofía del Ser nos devuelve una guía en la que podamos diferenciar entre la opinión y la búsqueda de la verdad. Por ejemplo en algunas noticias, donde se conoce una parte de la historia o existe un sesgo que define e incluso distorsiona un hecho según los intereses de quien hable.
El pensamiento de Parménides se puede tomar como filtro antes de dejarnos convencer por ejemplo con una publicidad manipulativa y así permitirnos comprar de acuerdo a necesidades reales, basados un poco más en fundamentos sólidos y no en percepciones fluctuantes o intereses subjetivos.
En definitiva, la Teoría del Ser de Parménides, nos permite recordar cómo marcar límites a la posverdad. Su pensamiento como vía hacia el Ser es una advertencia contra el engaño sensorial y la manipulación ideológica. En un mundo saturado de ruido, donde la opinión se confunde con el conocimiento, regresar a Parménides es una necesidad no solo intelectual, sino también existencial para evitar que tomemos decisiones, con la sensación de haber sido movidos por hilos invisibles.
Estefanía Cárdenas. Aficionada de los libros, las pelis y el mundo.
Referencias
- Cartwright, M. (2013). Parménides. Enciclopedia de la Historia del Mundo. https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-10309/parmenides/
- Graham, D. W. (2013). Parmenides. In The Presocratic Philosophers (pp. 182-210). Routledge.
- Heidegger, M. (2006). El ser y el tiempo. Editorial Trotta.
- Kahn, C. H. (2002). Los filósofos presocráticos. Alianza Editorial.
- Muy Interesante. (2020). ¿Qué es la posverdad? https://www.muyinteresante.es/cultura/articulo/que-es-la-posverdad-481527456791
- Robinson, T. K. (2005). Parmenides. In Presocratic Philosophy: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. Hackett Publishing.
- World History Encyclopedia. (2011). Parménides. https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-1030/parmenides/
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